We present GridSMR, a sharded blockchain that scales execution horizontally while allowing dependent cross-shard operations to progress within a single block. Existing sharded systems typically place coordination between dependent cross-shard steps, making latency grow with causal depth. GridSMR localizes atomicity to individual accounts and executes cross-account work asynchronously. Using an execute-before-agree architecture, dependent operations execute across shards as they become available, while consensus later validates and commits the resulting schedule. This enables Causal Compression: cross-shard latency need not grow with the causal depth of a computation. GridSMR scales single-validator execution to 1.07M requests/s and four-validator execution to 193K committed requests/s, while reducing 16-hop causal-chain latency by 8.2x versus deferred execution.
The cryptocurrency ecosystem has experienced extraordinary growth alongside an equally remarkable rate of failure, with over 52 percent of all tokens launched since 2021 ceasing to trade by early 2025. Despite the scale of this phenomenon, predictive modeling of cryptocurrency death remains an underdeveloped area of research, constrained by definitional ambiguity, data scarcity, and the absence of granular lifecycle frameworks. This work investigates whether the failure of cryptocurrency assets can be predicted using publicly available market data and deep learning methods. A Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) recurrent neural network was trained on 90-day sequences of daily reference price and estimated market capitalization for 82 cryptocurrency assets (41 alive and 41 dead), sourced from Coin Metrics over the period 2020 to 2026. The model was evaluated using a strictly chronological train-test split to prevent look-ahead bias. The LSTM classifier achieved in best cases a Receiver Operating Characteristic Area Under the Curve (ROC AUC) of 0.98 on the held-out test set. Finally, the model was applied to unseen data, and it was observed that the ROC AUC decreased between 0.59 and 0.65. The findings demonstrate that temporal patterns in price and market capitalization alone contain sufficient discriminative signal to identify assets on a trajectory towards economic inactivity. Diagnostic analyzes reveal that failing assets exhibit gradual value erosion and elevated volatility in the months preceding inactivity, rather than sudden catastrophic collapse. This work also documents the practical infeasibility of a multi-stage lifecycle model under current data conditions and justifies the transition to a binary classification approach.
ตรวจสอบข้อมูลเมตาใหม่และที่แก้ไขเกี่ยวกับบล็อกเชนทุกวันผ่าน API ของ arXiv การค้นหาอัตโนมัติใช้ตัวกรองหัวข้อและอาจพลาดงานที่เกี่ยวข้อง จึงไม่ใช่ดัชนีงานวิจัยที่ครอบคลุมทั้งหมด บทคัดย่อแยกจากบทอ่านที่มีแหล่งอ้างอิงและเขียนเสร็จแล้วในอภิธานศัพท์ นโยบายการใช้ข้อมูลเมตาซ้ำ ↗
Signature-free protocols avoid the cost of post-quantum signatures. We present two simple signature-free blockchain consensus protocols for eventual synchrony with optimal good-case commit latency (three message delays for \(f<n/3\) and two for \(f<n/5\)), optimistic responsiveness, a block time of only two message delays without speculation, and \(O(n^2)\) communication per view. They instantiate Generic Simplex, a blockchain consensus construction parameterized by a new abstraction called view agreement. The same construction also captures Simplex, Minimmit, and a new synchronous signature-free protocol with optimal good-case commit latency of two message delays for \(f<n/4\).
Contemporary on-chain artificial intelligence (AI) encounters an intractable Von Neumann memory and latency wall. Storing static floating-point neural weight matrices inside Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) storage costs millions of gas, rendering direct on-chain inference impossible. While Zero-Knowledge Machine Learning (ZK-ML) offloads matrix tensor multiplications to off-chain provers, it introduces fatal constraints: 10 to 300 seconds of SNARK proving latency and 250,000 to 500,000 gas per proof verification. Because decentralized finance (DeFi) exploits - such as uncollateralized flash-loan attacks, predatory sandwich MEV, and toxic loss-versus-rebalancing (LVR) flow - occur atomically inside a single block, ZK-ML oracles cannot react in time. Here, we present Werracle, a production-grade, zero-storage on-chain AI decision oracle fitting inside a single 32-byte EVM storage slot (bytes32). Leveraging foundational procedural Mandelbrot escape dynamics (z_{n+1} = z_n^2 + c) established by Dagli et al. (arXiv:2609.25498), Werracle derives continuous non-linear decision hyperplanes from a 24-byte coordinate triplet Theta = (c_x, c_y, zoom). Implemented in pure Solidity bytecode using fixed-point Q16.16 arithmetic (WerrMath.sol), Werracle evaluates a 16-point Pareto micro-grid in only 21,438 gas (under 0.0005 USD on Layer-2 rollups like Base and Arbitrum) with sub-millisecond execution latency. We demonstrate real-world DeFi efficacy via WerracleFeeHook.sol, a Uniswap v4 dynamic swap fee governor that measures orderbook turbulence on-the-fly and atomically adjusts liquidity provider fees between 0.05% and 0.50%. The protocol is formally verified against a 1,000-test cryptographically sealed deterministic verification suite (100.0% pass rate) with telemetry permanently disabled, operating live on a dedicated EVM devnet sandbox (Chain ID 4242).
The Ethereum blockchain utilizes the EIP-1559 algorithm to manage transaction inclusion and block assembly. However, EIP-1559 and much of the existing literature study this problem from a static perspective, focusing on price evolution without modelling transaction dynamics within the mempool. Motivated by this limitation, we study a dynamic transaction scheduling problem in which transactions with heterogeneous sizes and per-unit values arrive over time and remain in the mempool until scheduled. To capture the stochastic mempool evolution, we formulate the problem as a Markov Decision Process (MDP) whose state represents the mempool configuration and whose actions correspond to block prices. We first provide a primal-dual interpretation of the static EIP-1559 mechanism, showing that block prices arise naturally as dual variables of a social-welfare maximization problem. Building on this perspective, we extend the framework to the dynamic setting and formulate an objective that maximizes long-run discounted reward while incorporating holding costs and overshoot penalties. We then employ a Natural Policy Gradient (NPG) algorithm to compute the optimal policy. Our results show that dynamic pricing stabilizes the mempool while maximizing long-run discounted reward. In particular, as the overshoot penalty increases, the average scheduled transaction volume converges to the target block capacity, and the resulting NPG updates closely resemble the EIP-1559 price update rule. Finally, we study two special cases of the MDP formulation: homogeneous transactions and uniform arrivals. In the homogeneous setting, where the protocol directly controls scheduled volume, we show that the optimal policy has a threshold structure. We then propose a bang-bang pricing mechanism for uniform arrivals and derive a lower bound on the block capacity needed to ensure system stability.
Despite holding over $1.7T in value, Bitcoin scales poorly: Layer-1 (L1) processes only a few transactions per second, and Layer-2 (L2) solutions suffer from operational and liquidity fragmentation that requires external bridges for cross-chain connectivity. We present Bitcoin-IPC, a protocol that horizontally scales Bitcoin via permissionless, interconnected, programmable Proof-of-Stake L2 subnets staked in L1 BTC. Subnets leverage Bitcoin L1 for interconnectivity, settlement, and security, including Sybil protection, equivocating validator slashing, unilateral exit for honest stake, long-range attack protection, and compromised subnet firewalling. Bitcoin-IPC cross-subnet transfers involve only source/destination subnet validators and L1, with no external bridges or per-path liquidity lock-up. Embedded and batched in Bitcoin's witness mechanism, cross-subnet settlements can approach 6 vB per transfer, 23x less than a native L1 payment. Filling Bitcoin blocks with such batches corresponds to L1 monetary throughput of about 273 transfers per second, without modifying Bitcoin.