The deterministic Solana account that holds a given mint for a wallet.

An encoding that avoids lookalike characters, used by legacy Bitcoin addresses and many other chains.

A checksummed address encoding used by Bitcoin SegWit and Taproot (bc1...) and by some other chains.

Bitcoin Improvement Proposal. The design-doc process for Bitcoin protocol, wallet, and process changes.

Hierarchical deterministic wallets. One seed derives a tree of keys so backups stay simple.

The Bitcoin specification for a particular Schnorr signature scheme over secp256k1, used with Taproot spending.

The word-list standard for mnemonic seeds used by most wallets.

A derivation-path convention so the same seed can produce keys for many coins in a predictable tree.

A central bank digital currency. A digital liability of the central bank, not a commercial-bank deposit and not Bitcoin.

Circle's Cross-Chain Transfer Protocol, which burns and mints native USDC instead of wrapping it.

A large-value U.S. dollar netting system used by banks for many international USD payments.

The nested-account model banks use to pay across borders when they do not hold accounts with each other.

A decentralized identifier, a W3C-style id that can resolve to keys without a central registry.

Ethereum Improvement Proposal. The design-doc process for Ethereum core, networking, and standards (ERCs).

Ethereum's fee market: a burned base fee plus a tip. It made fees more predictable and added a burn.

Proto-danksharding. Added blob space so rollups can post data far cheaper than calldata.

Typed structured data signing, the standard behind readable wallet prompts for permits and orders.

An Ethereum transaction mechanism that lets an externally owned account authorize persistent delegation to executable code, introduced through Pectra in 2025.

A multi-token standard that can hold fungible and non-fungible ids in one contract.

An Ethereum interface allowing a smart contract account to report whether it considers a given message signature valid.

The Federal Reserve's instant-payment service for U.S. banks.

The Federal Reserve's RTGS system for U.S. dollar wholesale payments.

The Financial Information eXchange protocol used by traditional venues for orders and market data.

Arbitrary data written into Bitcoin witness space and bound to a satoshi by Ordinals theory.

A global standard for richer financial messages used by payments, securities, and FX. Several crypto networks market ISO 20022 compatibility for bank rails.

The international codes for currencies (USD, EUR, XAU). Crypto tickers are informal and are not ISO 4217 assignments.

The messaging standard many Travel Rule vendors use between VASPs.

The interVASP messaging standard that encodes originator and beneficiary data for the Travel Rule.

Legal Entity Identifier. A global id for companies in financial messages, including many ISO 20022 payments.

A BOLT-11 or BOLT-12 request that a Lightning payer uses to find a path and settle.

A multi-CBDC arrangement where several central-bank currencies settle on a shared platform.

A structured language for Bitcoin scripts that wallets can compose and analyze safely.

The classic SWIFT single-customer credit message, being replaced by ISO 20022 pacs messages.

Wormhole's Native Token Transfers framework for issuing a token natively on many chains.

LayerZero's Omnichain Fungible Token standard, a burn-and-mint representation across chains.

A Bitcoin wallet standard that describes scripts so backups restore the right address types.

The ISO 20022 FI-to-FI customer credit-transfer message that replaces many MT103 flows.

The ISO 20022 customer credit-transfer initiation message used by corporate payment systems.

Partially Signed Bitcoin Transaction. A wallet-exchange format for hardware signers and multisig.

Real-time gross settlement. Central-bank rails that settle each payment in full, not in net batches.

A Bitcoin fungible-token protocol that followed BRC-20s with a different UTXO-centric design.

The on-chain message format used by the Runes protocol.

Bitcoin's 2017 capacity and malleability fix. Addresses start with 3 or bc1.

A Bitcoin address scheme that lets a receiver publish one static code without address reuse.

A non-transferable token used for credentials, reputation, or identity, still experimental.

Solana's fungible token standard, analogous to ERC-20 on Ethereum.

The Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication. The messaging network banks use to instruct cross-border payments, now migrating many flows to ISO 20022.

Token for Regulated EXchanges. An earlier security-token framework associated with Tokeny, related to ERC-3643 lineage.

A Bitcoin upgrade that improved privacy and scripting, used by Ordinals and many modern spends.

The Eurosystem RTGS for euro central-bank money.

TARGET Instant Payment Settlement, the ECB's instant euro rail.