The peak of profile-picture and collectible speculation, with OpenSea volume and celebrity mints.

The post-2021 collapse in NFT floor prices and volume after the mania, leaving many collections illiquid.

Computer scientist linked to Bit Gold and smart-contract vocabulary that preceded Ethereum.

Episodes where local currency stress and policy bans collided with peer-to-peer crypto demand.

A 2022 optimistic-bridge failure where a bad init made fraud proofs trivial to bypass.

Meta's digital wallet pilot tied to the Diem era, later discontinued.