Encryption that permits supported computations on ciphertexts, so an authorized party can decrypt the resulting answer without revealing the original inputs to the evaluator.

A cryptographic commitment to a polynomial that lets a prover substantiate selected evaluations without sending the entire polynomial.

A signature produced cooperatively by a threshold of participants holding shares of a signing key, without requiring any participant to reconstruct the complete private key.

A transparent cryptographic argument that can verify a large computation efficiently, with zero-knowledge when the construction includes the required privacy protections.