Bearer Chaumian mints for private small payments, often Lightning-connected. Mint trust is the tradeoff.

A restaking protocol that lets participants allocate staked economic value to additional services, with service-specific operators, rewards, and slashing conditions beyond ordinary Ethereum validation.

Ethereum's fee market: a burned base fee plus a tip. It made fees more predictable and added a burn.

Proto-danksharding. Added blob space so rollups can post data far cheaper than calldata.

An Ethereum transaction mechanism that lets an externally owned account authorize persistent delegation to executable code, introduced through Pectra in 2025.

2021 legal-tender experiment for Bitcoin, plus government accumulation and IMF negotiation drama.

A crypto compliance and blockchain analytics company.

The family of curves (secp256k1, Ed25519) used by most chains to make compact public keys and signatures.

A high-profile 2017 to 2018 smart-contract project that raised a record ICO and later faded from leadership.

A multi-token standard that can hold fungible and non-fungible ids in one contract.

An Ethereum interface allowing a smart contract account to report whether it considers a given message signature valid.

An Ethereum interface standard for fungible token contracts, covering balances, transfers, allowances, and events.

The account-abstraction standard that adds user operations, bundlers, and paymasters without changing Ethereum consensus.

A vault standard so yield-bearing shares (like lending receipts) share one deposit and redeem interface.

A vault-accounting attack in which manipulation of assets per share and rounding can cause a depositor to receive too few shares.

A standard vocabulary of custom error types for common ERC-20, ERC-721, and ERC-1155 token failures.

The Ethereum standard for non-fungible tokens, where each token id is unique.

An exchange-traded fund. Spot Bitcoin and ether ETFs hold the asset and trade as shares on stock venues.

The leading smart-contract platform. A proof-of-stake chain that hosts DeFi, NFTs, and most L2 settlement.

The chain that rejected the DAO bailout fork and kept the original Ethereum history.

The Prague-Electra Ethereum upgrade activated in May 2025, combining execution-layer and consensus-layer changes including EIP-7702 account delegation.

Exchange-traded product, the umbrella that includes ETFs, ETNs, and some trusts.

The central bank of the euro area, developing a digital euro and supervising euro stablecoin issues under MiCA with national authorities.