The production chain where tokens have real value.

The waiting room of valid but unconfirmed transactions each node keeps before they land in a block.

The single hash at the top of a Merkle tree, stored in a block header as a compact commitment to every transaction.

A binary tree of hashes that lets a verifier prove a transaction is in a block without downloading the whole block.

A participant in proof of work that expends energy to find a valid block nonce and collect the reward.

An ordered word-based encoding used in wallet recovery; BIP-39 mnemonics encode entropy and a checksum before a separate step derives the wallet seed.

A wallet that needs M of N signatures before a spend clears. Used for treasuries and shared custody.