A payments company that has returned to crypto settlement and stablecoin payouts for merchants.

Compromising a dependency, CDN, or installer to reach many wallets at once.

A price area where buyers have repeatedly shown up and slowed a decline.

Zones where price previously reacted. Tools for planning, not prophecy.

A distortion caused by studying only assets, funds, or projects that remain visible while omitting failed, delisted, or otherwise missing examples.

The Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication. The messaging network banks use to instruct cross-border payments, now migrating many flows to ISO 20022.

Creating many fake identities to outvote honest peers. Proof of work and stake make this expensive.

Same-day or instant settlement. Crypto spot is closer to this than stock T+1, which matters for ETF ops.

Traditional securities settlement lags. Crypto spot is closer to T+0, which is why ETF in-kind is operationally hard.

A Bitcoin upgrade that improved privacy and scripting, used by Ordinals and many modern spends.

The Eurosystem RTGS for euro central-bank money.

The issuer of USDT, the most used dollar stablecoin by volume, reserved in a mix of cash, Treasuries, and other assets.

A gold-linked token whose issuer terms describe each unit as an ownership interest in one fine troy ounce of gold on a specified bullion bar.

A self-amending proof-of-stake chain that votes protocol upgrades on-chain.

The leading Ethereum AMM. v2 popularized constant-product pools. v3 added concentrated liquidity. v4 adds hooks.

A version of the Uniswap automated market maker architecture built around a shared pool manager and optional hooks that customize pool behavior.

Pricing goods in an asset. Almost no economy prices in BTC; mostly USD and local fiat.

A token allowance large enough to let a designated spender move present and potentially future balances without asking for another allowance each time.

India's Unified Payments Interface, a public instant-payment rail used at national scale.

A dollar stablecoin issued by Circle, widely used in DeFi and by U.S.-facing platforms.

An unspent transaction output. Bitcoin-style ledgers track coins as discrete outputs rather than account balances.

A scaling system that verifies state transitions with validity proofs while keeping transaction or state-reconstruction data outside the settlement layer, adding separate data-availability assumptions.

An asset manager with early crypto ETPs in Europe and later U.S. spot Bitcoin products.

A signed claim (age, license, accreditation) that a wallet can present without handing over a photocopy.

A lockup calendar that releases tokens over time so insiders cannot dump the float on day one.

A card network experimenting with stablecoin settlement while remaining the main retail-payments rail.

Ethereum's co-founder and the public face of Ethereum research and roadmap communication.

How much price swings. Crypto volatility is typically far higher than large-cap equities.

Software or hardware that holds keys and builds transactions. It does not store coins. The chain does.

A major 2024 exchange breach that froze a large share of user assets and highlighted multisig and custody design risk.

The need for a proof-of-stake node joining or returning after a long absence to obtain a sufficiently recent trusted checkpoint before validating forward.

A shorthand history: static pages, then platform silos, then crypto-enabled ownership narratives.

A marketing and technical label for internet apps that use wallets, tokens, and user-owned state.

A security researcher who reports or sometimes rescues funds under safe-harbor norms.

The founding technical or economic document for a protocol. Read incentives and trust assumptions, not just vision slides.