ప్స్‌ట్… మీకు అనువుగా చదవండి.
అక్షరశైలులు, థీమ్‌లు రూపంలో ఉంటాయి. మీ కళ్లకూ ఎంపిక ఉంది.
తరువాతి అధ్యాయాన్ని సిద్ధం చేస్తున్నాం…
ఎలా మొదలైంది. ఏం చేస్తుంది. ప్రజలు ఎందుకు నమ్ముతారు. క్రిప్టో ఆస్తులు, నెట్‌వర్క్‌ల చరిత్రలను, ఆధారాలను తెలుసుకోండి.
ప్రాజెక్టు సారాంశాలు ఇంగ్లీషులో ఉంటాయి. అనువాద పఠనం ఉందో తెలుసుకోవడానికి సమగ్ర గ్రంథాన్ని తెరవండి.
A DeFi network testing whether concentrated liquidity and shared revenue can retain users.
Katana is an Ethereum layer 2 organized around a concentrated DeFi ecosystem, with ETH gas and a separate KAT incentive token. Its model redirects several revenue sources toward liquidity and rewards, while vKAT holders influence eligible incentive pools. Bridge investments, administrative controls and uncertain demand remain distinct risks behind the project's sustainable-yield ambition.
A shared home for Cosmos modules and Ethereum applications, with a changing financial thesis.
Kava combines Cosmos SDK infrastructure with an Ethereum execution environment. KAVA is its native fee and staking asset. Its history includes lending modules, an EVM launch, native USDT and the January 2024 end of inflationary emissions. The current strategy emphasizes stablecoin liquidity and tokenized finance, while describing AI as continuing investment and development.
A DeFi community that survived Terra, built its own chain and moved again
Kujira built a sovereign Cosmos-based network around trading, lending and public liquidation markets, with KUJI as its native token. Its products and community later moved toward Rujira on THORChain, a different ledger and token arrangement. By August 2026, a THORChain publication reported that the old Kujira chain had shut down after an exploit accelerated its planned retirement.
From custom blockchains to an Ethereum rollup, followed by a planned chain closure.
Lisk moved from its independent blockchain to an OP Stack network on Ethereum. Its team schedules Lisk Chain shutdown for October 31, 2026, reports approved DAO cessation and redirects the business toward finance operations. LSK continues as an Ethereum token; the rollup uses ETH for gas. Application migration to Celo is optional, not an automatic transfer of balances or code.
From privacy applications to modular execution, with a consequential retreat from staking and Atlantic.
Manta Pacific uses ETH gas, Celestia data availability and privileged validation controls. MANTA has a separate history as Atlantic’s native token. Atlantic has stopped producing blocks, and Pacific’s staking rewards ended in May 2026.
An experiment in real-time execution, with distinct settlement and ownership risks.
MegaETH is an Ethereum settlement network built around specialized execution and rapid sequencer confirmations. ETH pays gas; MEGA is its separate project token, with KPI rewards and further economic functions described in a partly prospective roadmap. Its appeal to interactive applications must be considered alongside external data availability, bridge controls and the difference between quick feedback and final settlement.
A sequencer experiment whose evolving token economy and governance remain matters of active community debate.
Metis Andromeda is network 1088 and uses METIS for gas. It belongs to a wider ecosystem that also develops Hyperion and LazAI; those names do not identify the same network. Its evolving economic program links participation and incentives to METIS, while an April 2026 update reduced expected sequencer rewards because blocks were taking longer than earlier assumptions.
Bitcoin ownership becomes a question of borrowing, voting and getting collateral back.
Mezo is a Bitcoin-focused smart-contract network whose native transaction fees are paid in BTC. Its lending products, bridge and validator set introduce their own rules and trust assumptions. MEZO coordinates incentives while MUSD represents collateralized borrowing; neither should be confused with Bitcoin itself.
A DeFi network whose incentive experiments evolved toward automated trading.
Mode is an OP Stack network with ETH gas, a separate MODE token and an AI-finance strategy. September 2026 records identify Conduit’s administrative ownership, superseding older descriptions of shared Optimism control. Its proof and upgrade permissions remain important dependencies.
A Polkadot interoperability project whose 2026 move to Base changed both the network and the token thesis.
Moonbeam launched as an Ethereum-compatible Polkadot parachain. In July 2026, its team announced GLMR's migration to Base and the parachain's wind-down. The successor Moonbeam Protocol now describes an AI-agent settlement and assurance business; its assurance service remained explicitly pre-launch in the sources reviewed here.
A real-money canary network on Kusama, followed by a 2026 token migration that did not preserve the old chain's role.
Moonriver was Moonbeam's independently usable Kusama deployment, with MOVR as its native asset. The team announced MOVR's one-for-one migration to Base in July 2026. A September forum response reports the original network shut down. Its canary-network history should be distinguished from the later ERC-20 token and any successor business.
Consumer applications, payment infrastructure and a changing sequencing model.
Morph is an Ethereum execution network with chain ID 2818 and BGB as its ecosystem token. Its 2026 design combines one active sequencer, standby infrastructure and alternative fee assets, while retaining permissioned challenges and privileged upgrade controls.
Sharded execution, eGold and an argument over how growth should be funded
MultiversX is the network formerly called Elrond, with EGLD as its native asset. Its history runs from state sharding and the eGold scarcity pitch to the MultiversX rebrand, revised token economics and Supernova. Public technical records and governance debates reveal both substantial protocol changes and disagreement about how those changes create lasting demand.
A programmable smart economy with separate governance and resource tokens
Neo N3 combines smart contracts with a dual-token economy: NEO participates in governance, while GAS pays for network resources. Its elected council and consensus nodes have distinct duties. The ecosystem continues to publish software updates, while questions about foundation accountability remain separate from the protocol's voting machinery.
Neo's EVM sidechain, with its own consensus, bridge permissions and GAS governance.
Neo X is an EVM-compatible sidechain using Neo's dBFT consensus design. Its mainnet opened in July 2024. GAS pays network fees and participates in its governance, while Neo N3 remains a separate ledger. Subsequent releases added encrypted transaction protection, messaging and sponsored execution. Those features depend on specific contracts, operators and transaction paths, rather than granting every application the same protections.
An interchain application network through independence, retrenchment and recovery
Neutron began as a Cosmos Hub consumer chain and later adopted its own validator set. Its NTRN economics and governance changed again in 2026. A September governance attack and subsequent recovery make deployment dates, contract authority and the difference between restored blocks and restored user access central to its current history.
An appchain's lending rules now reach into Solana markets.
Nolus is a Cosmos SDK and CosmWasm chain supporting asset-backed margin positions. NLS is its native staking and governance token. By the September 30, 2026 review, official documentation described Solray's production deployment on Solana and the September closure of Nolus's Osmosis money market. The chain, the remote trading product and the token therefore need separate explanations.
Oasis's public EVM runtime, with a DeFi history separate from Sapphire's privacy mission.
Emerald is the nonconfidential EVM ParaTime on Oasis, launched in November 2021 and still listed in current mainnet documentation. It uses ROSE for gas but has its own runtime state. Its history includes early DeFi incentives, infrastructure repairs and community arguments about whether attention shifted too far toward Sapphire.
Confidential EVM execution with explicit hardware, application and governance boundaries.
Sapphire is Oasis's confidential EVM ParaTime, using encrypted execution and ROSE gas within the Oasis network. It is distinct from public Emerald and from the offchain ROFL framework. Its appeal is programmable privacy for familiar smart-contract tools, but confidentiality depends on application design, approved hardware, key management and current security policy.
Identity infrastructure, two native assets and a continuing argument about turning credentials into demand.
Ontology is a public smart-contract network associated with decentralized identity and user-controlled data. ONT supports staking and governance; ONG pays for execution. Its 2026 strategy brings identity and reputation into ONTO Wallet. The mainnet resumed on September 2 after a security pause, so older claims of uninterrupted operation require that qualification.
A BNB Smart Chain execution network whose faster blocks still require patient exits and careful application maintenance.
opBNB is an OP Stack network that settles to BNB Smart Chain and uses BNB for gas. Its development has focused on reducing execution costs and block intervals. Faster blocks also required application-level changes, illustrated by Venus's published upgrade planning.
AI claims meet the realities of validators, interfaces and evidence
Oraichain is a Cosmos-based network for smart contracts and data services, using native ORAI for fees, staking and governance. Its ecosystem includes oracle tooling, randomness services and OraiDEX, whose separate ORAIX token should not be confused with ORAI. The project presents an ambitious AI vision, while its current history also requires attention to software changes, administrative controls and a September 2026 security upgrade.
A continuing ledger through liquid staking, Bitcoin interoperability and an AI business pivot
Persistence Core-1 is a proof of stake network whose native XPRT supports fees, staking and governance. Its history spans liquid staking, the Dexter exchange and Bitcoin interoperability products. In June 2026 the team announced an AI business pivot and chain maintenance mode. The current site still lists network services and the DEX as available; a live node also returned a September 30 block. None of that creates a claim on the new business's revenue.
Dollar payment ambitions, XPL economics and the gap between moving tokens and usable money.
Plasma is an independent EVM network built around stablecoin payments and the XPL asset. Its September 2025 mainnet beta connected token incentives, lending markets and a consumer payments strategy. Current documentation still separates public observer nodes from future open consensus participation and distinguishes XPL gas from sponsored payment routes.
ముందుగా నిర్వచనం కావాలా? చూడండి: విజ్ఞానసర్వస్వం, తరువాత పునాదులపై అవగాహనతో ప్రాజెక్టుల కథలకు తిరిగి రండి.
