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147 buku dalam paparan iniPenyelidikan asal & pautan bukti

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147 buku dalam paparan ini

25 / OP

Optimism

An Ethereum rollup and an experiment in financing public goods.

Optimism combines OP Mainnet, the OP Stack, and a governance collective that seeks to reward creators of public value. These are related systems, not interchangeable investments. This history follows the rollup's engineering, the politics of retroactive funding, and the changing relationship between Superchain revenue and the OP token.

10 bab21 sumberBacaan 11 minit

Bukti institusi telah disemak

Penilaian editorial, bukan jaminan.

Securitize documents BUIDL availability on Optimism alongside current native USDC and Aave deployments.

OP Mainnet evidence does not certify every OP Stack chain.

Disemak 2026-09-30

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26 / POL

Polygon

From Matic scaling to a payments network, with several technologies under one name.

Polygon's history includes a proof-of-stake network and the POL migration. A 2026 payments strategy broadens the organization's commercial focus. The separate zkEVM network stopped producing blocks. Shared branding does not make different Polygon products share the same security assumptions, token roles, or recovery procedures.

10 bab22 sumberBacaan 11 minit

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Penilaian editorial, bukan jaminan.

BENJI and native USDC show institutional deployment.

Eligibility and protocol risks remain.

Disemak 2026-09-30

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27 / ETH gas

Robinhood Chain

A brokerage-built rollup brings regulated assets into public applications, with institutional control still visible.

Robinhood Chain is an Ethereum Layer 2 built with Arbitrum technology. Its public mainnet launched on July 1, 2026, following a February testnet. ETH pays network fees; the chain is not a newly issued Robinhood coin. Its stock tokens provide contractual economic exposure rather than ownership of the underlying shares, while an institutional council and permissioned validators govern the network.

12 bab26 sumberBacaan 12 minit

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Robinhood mainnet support and native Paxos USDG show delivered corporate financial infrastructure.

RHDA provides software, not regulated financial services.

Disemak 2026-09-30

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28 / SEI

Sei

A trading-focused chain confronts the cost of changing direction.

Sei is an independent Layer 1 with parallel EVM execution and a trading-centred vision. Testnet incentives and NFT communities shaped early participation. Its move away from Cosmos-facing infrastructure created a difficult transition. The Giga programme adds another chapter: some execution and storage components are live, while its new consensus and private transaction dissemination remain separate milestones. Its supporters' enthusiasm sits alongside real arguments about migration, incentives and who benefits from growth.

16 bab29 sumberBacaan 12 minit

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Ondo's live USDY issuance and current Sei contract demonstrate institutional asset deployment.

USDY eligibility and credit risks remain separate from SEI ownership.

Disemak 2026-09-30

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29 / ETH gas

Soneium

Sony's creator network and the boundaries of managed access

Soneium is an Ethereum rollup developed by Sony Block Solutions Labs with ETH as its gas asset. Its January 2025 mainnet launch linked creator applications with an explicit intellectual property enforcement policy. Community education, ASTR incentives and seasonal badges grew around it, while later rules narrowed access to the sequencer.

12 bab25 sumberBacaan 11 minit

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Sony's current investment and delivered Startale applications support Soneium's corporate ecosystem.

The investment is in Startale, not a network token.

Disemak 2026-09-30

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30 / Stablecoin fees

Tempo

A payments network tests what openness means when issuers, validators and software agents all need rules.

Tempo is an independent payments-focused Layer 1 incubated by Stripe and Paradigm, publicly opened on March 18, 2026. It has no native token: supported stablecoins pay transaction fees. Institutional validator participation, programmable payment controls and private zones have different permission boundaries, which should be examined separately.

11 bab27 sumberBacaan 10 minit

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Visa documents mainnet validation, while September software delivery demonstrates continuing technical maintenance.

Institutional operation does not certify network safety.

Disemak 2026-09-30

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31 / OKB

X Layer

OKX's network, from a CDK launch to OP Stack operations and a proposed market infrastructure.

X Layer is the separate network identified by chain ID 196, with OKB as its gas token. Current node documentation describes an OP Stack implementation. Its history includes a Polygon CDK launch, infrastructure upgrades, and expanding DeFi integrations. The network's adoption story must distinguish exchange distribution, usable liquidity, and builder experiments.

12 bab24 sumberBacaan 10 minit

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Penilaian editorial, bukan jaminan.

Current native USDC and Spark distribution demonstrate live institutional financial channels on X Layer.

Product eligibility and lending risks remain; USDC does not back OKB.

Disemak 2026-09-30

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32 / XDC

XDC Network

Enterprise finance on a public network with its own validator and issuer boundaries.

XDC Network is an independent public ledger whose native XDC pays transaction fees and supports validator participation. Its enterprise strategy includes trade documents, tokenized assets and separately operated subnets. January 2026 records report the Cancun upgrade on mainnet, while September veXDC experimentation remains explicitly on Apothem testnet. These developments do not make XDC ownership equivalent to a claim on an issuer, a trade receivable or application revenue.

18 bab24 sumberBacaan 13 minit

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SBI joint-venture activity and current native USDC support show ongoing institutional participation.

Corporate participation does not back XDC; the university work remains research.

Disemak 2026-09-30

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33 / ADA

Cardano

Research-first engineering meets the harder question of adoption and self-government.

Cardano's identity emphasizes formal research, proof of stake and an extended-UTXO ledger. Its research-led roadmap is also a subject of internal criticism over delivery and adoption. Governance and adoption debates show why a rigorous protocol, usable applications and a successful investment are different achievements.

15 bab27 sumberBacaan 13 minit

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Elected governance and current node releases demonstrate coordinated delivery.

Release records do not certify every operator.

Disemak 2026-09-30

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34 / LTC

Litecoin

Digital silver, payment experiments and the responsibility of maintaining an old chain.

Litecoin is a Scrypt proof-of-work cryptocurrency launched by Charlie Lee in October 2011. Its community combines a companion-to-Bitcoin identity with faster block intervals and optional MWEB privacy. Its history also includes arguments about founder incentives, a fabricated retail partnership and a serious 2026 validation incident that belongs in any honest account of its reliability.

11 bab21 sumberBacaan 12 minit

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Contributors continue coordinated node maintenance and security patch delivery.

Patches do not eliminate protocol risk.

Disemak 2026-09-30

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35 / XMR

Monero

Private-by-default payments, open research and a community suspicious of paper balances.

Monero treats transaction privacy as a baseline property rather than an optional luxury. Its story includes a community-led early split, changing cryptography, CPU-oriented mining and permanent tail issuance. The Monerun campaign illustrates both the appeal of self-custody and the limits of inferring hidden exchange reserves from a deliberately private ledger.

12 bab22 sumberBacaan 12 minit

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Community funding and contributor releases support continuing protocol work.

Participation is distinct from universal agreement.

Disemak 2026-09-30

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36 / DOT

Polkadot

Shared security, a market for computation, and an unusually public argument about governance.

Polkadot was designed to coordinate specialized chains under shared security. Its later development moved from long parachain leases toward more flexible coretime, while OpenGov made protocol and treasury decisions visibly political. JAM adds a further architectural ambition whose proposal history must be distinguished from deployed behavior.

12 bab21 sumberBacaan 12 minit

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Fellowship proceedings and maintained SDK releases document current collective development.

Proposals and released code are not identical to activation.

Disemak 2026-09-30

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37 / ATOM

Cosmos Hub

The internet of blockchains created a harder question: what should its original Hub own and earn?

Cosmos is an ecosystem and a collection of technologies; Cosmos Hub is a particular blockchain within it, with ATOM as its staking and governance asset. That distinction explains much of the community's debate about interoperability, shared security and token economics. The primary forum records show ambitious proposals and real disagreement, including a rejected economic redesign.

11 bab19 sumberBacaan 12 minit

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Validator coordination and Gaia maintenance show an active Cosmos Hub development community.

Hub evidence does not cover every Cosmos chain.

Disemak 2026-09-30

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38 / NEAR

NEAR

Sharding, cross-chain execution and the argument over a user-owned AI economy.

NEAR is a programmable blockchain whose story combines scalable execution, flexible account permissions and tools for acting across other networks. Its AI and chain-abstraction ambitions are best understood alongside the actual signing mechanisms, governance debates and security assumptions.

11 bab22 sumberBacaan 13 minit

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Current mainnet maintenance accompanies organized developer and validator communities.

A published patch does not prove universal installation.

Disemak 2026-09-30

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39 / TAO

Bittensor

A market for machine-learning work, with a token that does not grade the science.

Bittensor organizes markets for machine-learning work through subnets, using TAO within its incentive system. Its software and evaluation rules coordinate rewards; receiving those rewards does not establish that a model's output is independently useful or scientifically validated.

14 bab26 sumberBacaan 14 minit

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SDK contributors deliver continuing tooling for the network's participants.

SDK activity does not certify subnet output quality.

Disemak 2026-09-30

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40 / ALGO

Algorand

A cryptographer's network learns the politics of participation.

Algorand is a public blockchain whose consensus uses randomly selected, stake-weighted committees. Its identity combines cryptographic research, inexpensive settlement and a commitment to practical applications. Governance rewards ended as node participation gained incentives. Wallet users experienced a serious third-party security incident. Funding decisions remain a subject of public debate.

15 bab25 sumberBacaan 12 minit

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Coordinated network announcements and maintained node releases document active development.

Operators still need appropriate maintenance.

Disemak 2026-09-30

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41 / AURORA

Aurora

Ethereum-style execution on NEAR, with a separate governance token and configurable application chains.

Aurora runs Ethereum-compatible contracts through an Engine deployed on NEAR. Its public instance uses ETH for user gas, while AURORA is a separate governance token. Aurora's later Virtual Chains extend the Engine into configurable application environments; their permissions, fees and operators must be assessed individually.

12 bab25 sumberBacaan 11 minit

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Maintained software and approved moderation demonstrate coordinated technical and community work.

Deployment and service targets remain unverified.

Disemak 2026-09-30

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42 / BCH

Bitcoin Cash

The argument for electronic cash became a separate network, then an argument over how that network should grow.

Bitcoin Cash is a proof-of-work payment network that shares Bitcoin's early ledger history but follows different rules from August 2017 onward. Its story includes competing ideas about payment access, repeated splits, voluntary development funding, and increasingly capable UTXO contracts. BCH is its native asset. Neither its ancestry nor its payment ambitions establishes a guaranteed investment outcome.

12 bab24 sumberBacaan 11 minit

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Maintained BCHN releases and the coordinated 2026 upgrade demonstrate active collaborative protocol development.

Software delivery does not establish adoption, safety or investment merit.

Disemak 2026-09-30

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43 / TIA

Celestia

A market for published data, and a community debating what that market should pay for.

Celestia provides consensus and data availability for independently designed blockchains. TIA pays for its blobspace and participates in staking and governance. The network separates publication from execution, so using Celestia does not by itself establish that an application is correct, permanently archived or economically successful.

15 bab19 sumberBacaan 11 minit

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Open protocol proposals and mainnet maintenance document coordinated development.

Mainnet and testnet releases remain distinct.

Disemak 2026-09-30

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44 / CHZ

Chiliz

Sports fandom meets a governed EVM network

Chiliz is an independent EVM blockchain built around sports and entertainment applications, with CHZ paying network fees. Fan Tokens are separate assets whose benefits depend on their issuers and applications. Its sports-finance ambitions now include cross-chain distribution and proposed equity infrastructure, but those ambitions should not be confused with rights already attached to a token.

12 bab29 sumberBacaan 10 minit

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September maintenance and a new club partnership demonstrate continuing technical delivery and organized commercial work.

Token offering details remain pending; networkwide patch adoption was not verified.

Disemak 2026-09-30

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45 / FIL

Filecoin

A market for verifiable storage must prove more than the existence of a great deal of disk space.

Filecoin is a blockchain and storage market whose native asset, FIL, supports payments, collateral, and network incentives. It connects cryptographic verification with service supplied by storage operators. Turning provable storage into useful, reliably accessible data remains a distinct challenge from accumulating capacity. Programmable contracts expand how applications coordinate that service.

12 bab26 sumberBacaan 11 minit

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Core developers coordinate upgrades while delivering stable Lotus maintenance.

Planned upgrades remain separate from activated mainnet changes.

Disemak 2026-09-30

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46 / GNO

Gnosis Chain

An Ethereum-aligned network, a treasury-governed ecosystem, and a community debating what should happen to both.

Gnosis Chain uses xDAI for gas and GNO for staking. GnosisDAO is a distinct institution. A July 2026 proposal seeks an Ethereum Economic Zone transition; this account distinguishes that proposal from the operating chain.

11 bab23 sumberBacaan 10 minit

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Active governance and current protocol deployments show continuing ecosystem participation.

Organizational changes and transition proposals require separate review.

Disemak 2026-09-30

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47 / ICP

Internet Computer

A public computing platform whose long-term believers also govern its changing economics.

The Internet Computer is a network for running applications, storing their state and serving web content through blockchain infrastructure. ICP supports governance and the conversion into computational fuel called cycles. Its ambitions reach beyond trading. Debates over costs, governance and long staking commitments remain central to its community.

16 bab29 sumberBacaan 12 minit

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Penilaian editorial, bukan jaminan.

Current protocol releases and the Node Provider Working Group document continuing delivery and organized participation.

Software releases do not prove deployment on every subnet; scheduled working-group sessions are not completion receipts.

Disemak 2026-09-30

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48 / KAS

Kaspa

Proof of work with parallel blocks, a mining culture and a new covenant era.

Kaspa is a proof-of-work blockDAG whose native coin is KAS. Its network orders parallel blocks rather than forcing all useful work into one competing chain. Mainnet now operates at ten blocks per second. Toccata activated in June 2026, adding native covenant and proof-verification capabilities, while its development tools remain at different stages of maturity.

14 bab20 sumberBacaan 11 minit

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Contributors maintain current node and developer tooling.

Operator adoption varies.

Disemak 2026-09-30

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The Book of Blocks

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Buku rantaian blok

Optimism

Polygon

Robinhood Chain

Sei

Soneium

Tempo

X Layer

XDC Network

Cardano

Litecoin

Monero

Polkadot

Cosmos Hub

NEAR

Bittensor

Algorand

Aurora

Bitcoin Cash

Celestia

Chiliz

Filecoin

Gnosis Chain

Internet Computer

Kaspa

Membuka halaman seterusnya.

Buku rantaian blok

Optimism

Polygon

Robinhood Chain

Sei

Soneium

Tempo

X Layer

XDC Network

Cardano

Litecoin

Monero

Polkadot

Cosmos Hub

NEAR

Bittensor

Algorand

Aurora

Bitcoin Cash

Celestia

Chiliz

Filecoin

Gnosis Chain

Internet Computer

Kaspa