A 2021 BNB-chain tax-token phenomenon later hit by lawsuits and criminal cases over liquidity and disclosures.

FTX founder convicted after the 2022 collapse. Shorthand SBF for the scandal era.

Legal prohibitions on dealing with listed people, entities, or jurisdictions. On-chain, this often means frozen addresses.

A suspicious activity or suspicious transaction report filed with a financial-intelligence unit.

An Ethereum rollup that executes EVM-compatible transactions on Layer 2 and uses validity proofs, published data, and Ethereum contracts to settle its state.

The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, which polices securities offerings, exchanges, and advisers.

A U.S. civil enforcement case filed in 2023 concerning Coinbase's securities-related activities and dismissed by agreement in February 2025.

U.S. penalties on third-country firms that deal with a primary sanctioned party, a key SWIFT-risk topic.

The U.S. law that requires registration or an exemption before securities are offered to the public.

The U.S. law that governs exchanges, brokers, and ongoing disclosure for public securities.

Basics every user needs: seed secrecy, URL checks, and never signing blind approvals.

A token that is a security under applicable law: ownership, debt, or investment-contract rights, usually with transfer restrictions.

A word-based wallet recovery backup, often using BIP-39; successful restoration can also require a passphrase, derivation paths, and the correct wallet format.

Bitcoin's 2017 capacity and malleability fix. Addresses start with 3 or bc1.

Control of the keys or authorization policy needed to use an on-chain account, with responsibility for protecting and recovering that authority.

The delay between an event, its appearance in sentiment inputs, and publication of a score or trading signal.

The rules used to select, transform, and combine observations into a measure of market mood.

Single Euro Payments Area. Euro credit transfers and direct debits across participating countries.

The layer that makes transfers final and resolves disputes. For many L2s that layer is Ethereum.

The asset in which a contract's realized obligations or profit and loss are paid, which may differ from its quote or collateral currency.

The moment a payment can no longer be unilaterally reversed under the system's rules.

The chance one side delivers and the other does not, classic in cross-border and OTC crypto.

A 256-bit hash function from the SHA-2 family. Bitcoin uses it for proof of work and address hashing.

Excess return per unit of volatility. A simple way to compare strategies after adjusting for swing size.

A position that profits if price falls, typically via a borrowed asset or a derivative.

A forced buy-back cascade when shorts are liquidated into a rising tape.

U.S. bank active in crypto deposits that failed in the 2023 regional-bank crisis, cutting a fiat on-ramp.

Asking you to sign a typed-data message that grants operatorship or transfers assets.

The 2023 regional bank failure that hit startup and crypto firm deposits and stressed USDC confidence.

An early darknet market that used Bitcoin and shaped the crime-and-privacy narrative around crypto.

Crypto-friendly bank that wound down after deposit flight and the 2022 to 2023 stress, ending SEN network lore.

Attackers port your phone number to intercept SMS 2FA. Use app or hardware 2FA for exchanges.

The stablecoin and governance ecosystem developed from MakerDAO, including USDS, its sUSDS savings-vault representation, and the SKY governance token.

The difference between the expected price and the fill price, usually worse in thin markets or large orders.

Code deployed on a blockchain that executes deterministically when called.

Automated or coordinated accounts increasing the apparent reach, repetition, or popularity of cryptocurrency messages.

A tighter rule set that old nodes still see as valid, so the network can upgrade without a clean split.

A high-throughput proof-of-stake chain that uses Proof of History for ordering and hosts a large DeFi and memecoin culture.

Russia's domestic SWIFT alternative for bank messages.

Posting large orders you intend to cancel to trick others about supply or demand.

Trading the actual asset for immediate settlement, not a future or perpetual.

Earning the bid-ask as a market maker, before inventory and adverse-selection costs.

A crypto asset designed to track a reference value, such as a currency; its market price can still move away from that target.

Know issuer, reserves, attestation, and redemption path before treating a dollar token as cash.

An Ethereum validity rollup with Cairo-based execution and native smart-contract accounts; proofs establish valid state transitions while transaction receipts separately report execution and settlement status.

Builders of Starknet and STARK proving technology.

A payments-focused ledger and cousin of the XRP design, used for remittances and tokenized fiat.

Security token offering. A regulated-style issuance of tokenized securities, contrasted with unregistered ICOs.

A trigger that becomes a sell (or buy) if price trades through a level, used to cap a losing position.

An asset held to preserve purchasing power across time. Crypto SV narratives compete with gold and bonds.

A payments company that has returned to crypto settlement and stablecoin payouts for merchants.

Compromising a dependency, CDN, or installer to reach many wallets at once.

A price area where buyers have repeatedly shown up and slowed a decline.

Zones where price previously reacted. Tools for planning, not prophecy.

A distortion caused by studying only assets, funds, or projects that remain visible while omitting failed, delisted, or otherwise missing examples.

The Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication. The messaging network banks use to instruct cross-border payments, now migrating many flows to ISO 20022.

Creating many fake identities to outvote honest peers. Proof of work and stake make this expensive.

Making it expensive to fake many users, via stake, identity, or proof of personhood.